• Distress 01: Levels in Four Programs
  Final.
  Clients with HIV tend to experience clinically significant psychological distress. This Knowledge Item compares the levels of psychological distress to common epidemiological survey results and finds relatively high rates. 

• Distress 03: Dimensions of Psychological Distress
  Final.
  The scale used to measure psychological distress tends to measure one dimension of general distress (or to be unifactorial). This Knowledge Item presents a statistical test of the hypothesis that all of the items measure general psychological distress in a consistent way for patients with HIV/AIDS. 

• Distress 04: Reliability of Distress General Measure
  Final.
  The scale used to measure psychological distress measures general distress with relatively high reliability. This Knowledge Item presents an internal consistency analysis (coefficient alpha) of the items on the scale. 

• Distress 07: Test-Retest Reliability for Client CES-D Score
  Final result. 
  This Knowledge Item shows that the general measure of psychological distress has a high degree of temporal reliability for women with HIV/AIDS.

• Distress 08: Models of the Relationship of Total Distress to Need and Vulnerability Factors
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows that the relationship of the total measure of psychological distress to need and vulnerability factors.

• Distress 09: Relationship of Total Distress to the Number of Need and Vulnerability Factors
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows that the relationship of the total measure of psychological distress to 
  he number of need and vulnerability factors of the individual. 

• Distress 20: Test-Retest Reliability in Psychological Distress Over the Course of the Treatment Episode
  Final result.
  This Knowledge Item shows that using data on up to six repeated measurements of the CES-D, it was found that there is fairly substantial temporal (test-retest) reliability for the total score in a sample of HIV/AIDS patients. 

• Distress 21: Psychometric Properties of the Full 20-Item CES-D in a Group of HIV/AIDS Patients
  Final.
  For archival purposes, this Knowledge Item shows selected psychometric analyses on the commonly used 20-item CES-D measure of psychological distress in a group of 286 HIV/AIDS patients. The 8-item short version is embedded in this longer instrument.

• Unmet Needs 03: Relationships Among Services Needed and Received and Client Vulnerabilities
  Final. 
  Total services needed in the six months prior to enrollment are related to an index of client need and vulnerability. The total services received prior to enrollment are unrelated to the same index of total client needs and vulnerabilities. 

• Unmet Needs 04: Models of Pre-Enrollment Services Needed and Received
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item uses CHAID modeling to show those factors that are most predictive of the total number of pre-enrollment services the client says were needed and received. Key factors that predict total service needs and utilization include having stable housing and status as an abuser of crack. The Knowledge Item also models the discrepancy between services needed and services received in prior treatment episodes before the current one.  

• Unmet Needs 05: Models Predicting Services Needed and Received Prior to Enrollment
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows how clients with HIV reported relatively high levels of stated need in a study that asked at enrollment about a variety of psychosocial and medical services needed and received in the previous six months. 

• Unmet Needs 12: Test-Retest Reliability in Client Unmet Needs Over the Course of the Treatment Episode
  Final.
  Using data on up to six repeated measurements of client unmet needs, it was found that there is modest (test-retest) reliability for the total unmet needs score in a sample of HIV/AIDS patients. 

• Medical Outcomes 09: Health Indicators and Patient Self-Rated Quality of Life
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the levels of four medical indicators of the stage of HIV disease–viral loads, CD4 counts, and CD4 Classification categories–for patients at the first time they were assessed by the medical programs and self-rated quality of life throughout the treatment episode. 

• Medical Outcomes 29: Relationship of Change in Quality of Life, CD4 Counts, Karnofsky Ratings, and Viral Loads
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the level of change shown for patients in terms of four major indicators of self-rated quality of life, medical-provider-rated disease severity (Karnofsky Severity Ratings), CD4 count, and viral load.

• Medical Outcomes 30: Degree of Change in CD4 Counts and Total Service Needs and Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship of the degree of change in CD4 counts over time and the total number of service needs and vulnerabilities (of 15).

• Medical Outcomes 31: Degree of Change in Karnofsky Severity Ratings and Total Service Needs and Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship of the degree of change in Karnofsky Severity Ratings and the total number of service needs and vulnerabilities (of 15).

• Medical Outcomes 32: Degree of Change in Viral Loads and Total Service Needs and Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship of the degree of change in viral loads over time and the total number of service needs and vulnerabilities (of 15).

• Medical Outcomes 36: Relationship of Changes in Quality of Life to the Use of HAART Therapies
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows, through direct and post hoc analyses of the hierarchical linear model on patient-rated quality of life results, that quality of life changed to about the same degree for patients whether or not they received HAART.

• Medical Outcomes 37: Number of Triple Combination Therapies Received and Changes in CD4 Count, Viral Load, Karnofsky Severity Index, and Quality of Life
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the relationship between the number of triple combination therapies administered to a patient and the degree of change in objective (CD4 count, viral load), subjective clinician rating (Karnofsky), and patient perception (quality of life) of medical functioning.

• Medical Outcomes 39: Changes in Self Reported Symptoms and Changes in Medical Indicators
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the relationship of the degree of change in self-reported symptom severity, and the degree of change in self-rated quality of life, medical-provider-rated disease severity (Karnofsky Severity Ratings), CD4 count, and viral load. 

• Medical Outcomes 40: Participant Satisfaction and Change in CD4 Counts, Viral Loads, Quality of Life, and Karnofsky Severity Ratings
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows that patients who have relatively the most improvement in their quality of life and whose clinicians rate their progress as most improving (or least deteriorating) rate the quality of their programs most highly.

• Medical Services 02: Triple Combination Therapy Use as a Function of Patient Need and Vulnerability Categories
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the use of triple combination therapies for patient groups defined by major service need and vulnerability factors.

• Medical Services 08: Treatment with Triple Combination Therapies and Program Satisfaction
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines Program Satisfaction ratings for a group of patients treated in medical programs and for whom there were also pharmaceutical records.

• Quality of Life and Health 03: Dimensions of Quality of Life
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the major dimensions that underlie the different aspects of overall health-related quality of life measured by the standardized index used.

• Quality of Life and Health 08: Correlations Among Self-Reported Healthcare Utilization Items
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents correlations among the types of healthcare utilization of the patients at the baseline assessment period. 

• Quality of Life and Health 09: Correlations of Healthcare Utilization Items and Quality of Life Indicators
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents correlations among major indicators of health-related quality of life and patterns of healthcare utilization. This Knowledge Item uses data from the baseline assessments. 

• Quality of Life and Health 10: Correlations of Impact of Symptoms Items and Quality of Life Indicators
  Preliminary result.
  This Knowledge Item presents correlations among major indicators of health-related quality of life and degree to which various symptoms have impacted the patient. This Knowledge Item uses data from the baseline assessments. 

• Quality of Life and Health 11: Correlations of Decreased Normal Activities Items and Quality of Life Indicators
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents correlations among decreased normal activities and major indicators of health-related quality of life. This Knowledge Item uses data from the baseline assessments. 

• Quality of Life and Health 12: Healthcare Utilization, Gender, and Quality of Life at Enrollment
  Preliminary result.
  This Knowledge Item presents models which link healthcare utilization patterns to the patient gender and level of health-related quality of life.

• Quality of Life and Health 13: Impact of HIV Symptoms, Gender and Quality of Life Indicators at Enrollment
  Preliminary result.
  This Knowledge Item presents models which link the impact of symptoms to patient gender and level of health-related quality of life.

• Quality of Life and Health 14: Decreased Normal Activities Items, Gender, Quality of Life, and Symptoms at Enrollment
  Preliminary result.
  This Knowledge Item presents models which link the impact of decreased normal life activities to patient gender and level of health-related quality of life.  

• Quality of Life and Health 22: Prediction of Most Recent Total Quality of Life from Baseline QOL and Symptom Severity
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents a model of the relationship of total health-related quality of life at the most recent time the patient was assessed to baseline levels of quality of life and symptom severity. 

• Quality of Life and Health 24: Reliability of Total Quality of Life Scores
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item assesses the degree to which the different health-related quality of life scores go together so as to suggest that it is possible to sum these to form an index of total health-related quality of life. An internal consistency (coefficient alpha) analysis is presented. 

• Quality of Life and Health 27: Correlations Between Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptom Severity
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship between indicators of health-related quality of life and symptom severity. 

• Quality of Life and Health 28: Reliability of Total Symptom Severity
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item assesses the degree to which the different symptom cluster indicators of symptom severity go together so as to suggest that it is possible to sum these to form an index of total symptoms severity. An internal consistency (coefficient alpha) analysis is presented. 

• Quality of Life and Health 29: Test-Retest Reliability of Total Health-Related Quality of Life
  Final.
  For those patients assessed repeatedly, this Knowledge Item calculates the test-retest reliability of the total health-related quality of life index. 

• Quality of Life and Health 30: Test-Retest Reliability of Total Symptom Severity
  Final.
  For those patients assessed repeatedly, this Knowledge Item calculates the test-retest reliability of the total symptom severity index. 

• Quality of Life and Health 33: Correlations between Total Symptom Severity and Total Client Needs and Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents models of how client demographic categories and behaviors indicative of service needs relate to the self-reported total symptom severity at the baseline assessment.

• Quality of Life and Health 47: Self-Reported Healthcare Utilization at Enrollment and Service Needs-Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents basic statistics on the relationship of healthcare utilization at enrollment (for the period prior to enrollment) to different patient service needs and vulnerabilities. 

• Quality of Life and Health 48: Models of Self-Reported Healthcare Utilization at Enrollment and Service Needs-Vulnerabilities  
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents models of the relationship of self-reported healthcare utilization at the time of enrollment to service needs and vulnerabilities.

• Quality of Life and Health 55: Test-Retest Reliability in Quality of Life Over the Course of the Treatment Episode
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents test-retest reliability coefficients. The major indices are temporally reliable. 

• Quality of Life and Health 56: Test-Retest Reliability in Client Contact with Medical Providers Over the Course of the Treatment Episode
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents test-retest reliability coefficients. The major indices are temporally reliable. 

• Quality of Life and Health 59: Relationship of the Degree of Change in Quality of Life, Perceived Impact of Symptoms, Psychological Distress, and Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Services
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item examines the interrelationships of the degree of change over time in quality of life, the perceived impact of symptoms, psychological distress, levels of barriers to services, and levels of facilitators for services.

• Referrals 04: Relationship of Services and Referrals Received I
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship between the receipt of nine types of psychosocial services and the receipt of referrals from the SPNS program during the treatment episode. 

• Referrals 05: Relationship of Services and Referrals Received II: Additional Analyses
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item provides additional analyses of the relationship between the receipt of nine types of psychosocial services and the receipt of referrals from the SPNS program during the treatment episode. 

• Retention 15: Retention as a Function of Total Service Needs and Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows addresses the retention rates of clients differing in total service needs and vulnerabilities.

• Self Esteem 02: Models of Self Esteem Among Young Adults with HIV/AIDS Near Enrollment
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows models of the relationship of the self esteem levels of 41 young adults with HIV/AIDS entering treatment and selected service needs and vulnerabilities. 

• Abuse 02: Relationship of Abuse and Service Needs-Vulnerabilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows that a very high percentage of the women had been victims of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. For 13 of the 16 types of sexual, physical, or emotional abuse, it was found that the presence of abuse also implied a higher level of other service needs and vulnerabilities. 

• Abuse 03: Relationship of Types of Abuse
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows that a very high percentage of the women had been victims of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse in a study of clients of an HIV/AIDS treatment program for women. The different types of abuse are highly interrelated to one another and women tend to experience many types of victimization. 

• Training Outcomes 01: Self-Rated Skill Levels Before and After Training
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows levels of self-rated skills by the individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects right after the training was completed. 

• Training Outcomes 02: Changes in Self-Rated Skill Levels
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows changes in levels of self-rated skills by the individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects right after the training was completed. The changes are those the trainees attribute to the training immediately at the end of the training.

• Training Outcomes 03: Multivariate Analyses of Changes in Self-Rated Skill Levels
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows changes in levels of self-rated skills by the individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects right after the training was completed. The changes are those the trainees attribute to the training immediately at the end of the training. A multivariate statistical model is used to make the assessment. 

• Training Outcomes 04: Dimensions of Self-Rated Skills Before and After Training
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows the relationship among different self-perceived levels skills by the individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects right after the training was completed. 

• Training Outcomes 08: Changes in Composite Skills and Abilities
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows changes in levels of self-rated skills by the individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects right after the training was completed. The changes are those the trainees attribute to the training immediately at the end of the training. 

• Training Impact 01: Innovative Training Methods and Practice Changes One-Year After Training
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one-year after the original training. This Knowledge Item is a long technical report on the findings from that study. Individual Knowledge Items in this Knowledge Base present specific results using more focused analysis methods than in the initial large technical report.

• Training Impact on Patient Care 02: Average Effect of Training on Changes in Patient Care  
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one-year after the original training. This Knowledge Item shows the rated effectiveness of the training for those trainees who reported specific instances in which the training experience had impacted one or more aspects of patient care. 

• Training Impact on Patient Care 03: Relationship Between Trainee Characteristics and Reported Changes in Patient Care Post-Training  
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one-year after the original training. This Knowledge Item relates the effect of training on patient care practices for those trainees who reported specific instances in which the training experience had impacted one or more aspects of patient care to characteristics of the trainee. 

• Training Impact on Systems Change 03: Effectiveness of Trainings When Systems Change Subsequently Occurs
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one year after the original training. This Knowledge Item shows the rated effectiveness of the trainings for which changes in the service delivery system subsequently results. 

• Training Impact on Systems Change 04: Relationship Between Trainee Characteristics and Systems Change After Training
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one year after the original training. This Knowledge Item shows the rated effectiveness of the trainings for which changes in the service delivery system subsequently results and relates these to the background characteristics of the trainee.

• Training Impact on Provider Practices 02: Correlations Among Effectiveness Ratings
  Final.
  The Measurement Group conducted independent follow-ups with 218 individuals trained by the Cooperative Agreement Projects about one year after the original training. This Knowledge Item shows the correlations among different areas of rated effectiveness of the trainings for those trainees who reported specific instances in which the training experience had impacted one or more aspects of care. 

• Training Quality 03: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Training Setting
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the training setting. 

• Training Quality 04: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Trainee Professional Background
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the professional background of the trainees. 

• Training Quality 05: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Trainees Served, Contacted, or Reached
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the number of trainees served by the training. 

• Training Quality 06: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Areas of Planned Impact
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the areas of planned impact for the training. 

• Training Quality 07: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Intended Purpose of Training
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the intended purpose of the training. 

• Training Quality 08: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Topics Discussed During Training
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the topics discussed during the training. 

• Training Quality 09: Training Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Training Methods
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the training methods. 

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 03: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Basic Background Characteristics 
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to trainee demographic categories.

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 04: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Organization Type
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the type of organization from which the trainee comes. 

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 05: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Professional Credentials
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the professional credentials of the trainees. 

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 06: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Primary Involvement with HIV-Positive Clients
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the primary involvement of the trainee with HIV/AIDS clients. 

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 07: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Comfort Working with HIV-Positive Clients
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the trainee's stated comfort working with clients with HIV/AIDS. 

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 08: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Past Experience in the HIV/AIDS Field
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to the past experience level of the trainee in the HIV/AIDS field.

• Trainee Characteristics and Quality 09: Trainee Attributes that Account for Training Quality Ratings: Personal Reasons for Taking the Training
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item relates the levels of a general assessment of training effectiveness made immediately after the training to personal reasons for taking the training.

• Cook County 01: HIV Testing Practices as Reported in a Post-Partum Survey of Women in Cook County (Chicago) Delivery Rooms in 1997 and 1999
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents the results of the survey in terms of the year of testing, the Perinatal Network, and the combination of the two factors. The Cook County Perinatal Study was a post-partum survey conducted with women in Chicago-area hospital delivery rooms during two data collection periods (1997, 1999).

• Cook County 02: Changes in HIV Testing Practices as Reported in a Post-Partum Survey of Women in Cook County (Chicago) Delivery Rooms in 1997 and 1999 as a Function of Whether the Delivery Hospital had Developed a Perinatal HIV/AIDS Task Force
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item presents the results of the survey in terms of whether or not the delivery hospital had developed a Perinatal HIV/AIDS Task Force. The Cook County Perinatal Study was a post-partum survey conducted with women in Chicago-area hospital delivery rooms during two data collection periods (1997, 1999).

Key Observations on Three University-Based Comprehensive Healthcare Programs for HIV/AIDS
[University of Nevada, University of Vermont, Washington University]

• Key Observations on Comprehensive Healthcare 04: Mean Comparisons Across Knowledge, Importance, and Program Success
  Final.
  In an independent evaluation of three Comprehensive Healthcare projects implemented in university medical schools, 69 key informants were interviewed. This Knowledge Item presents findings about how the characteristics of the individual interviewed were related to his or her ratings of knowledge about the project, the importance of program elements, and program success.

• Technical Issues 03: Relationship of Medical Indicators Collected Near Enrollment
  Final.
  This Knowledge Item shows models of the relationship between selected pairs of medical indicators collected for each patient near the time of enrollment.

• Technical Issues 04: Relationship of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and the CES-D Depression (Psychological Distress) Scale in Young Adults 
  Final.
  The Rosenberg Self Esteem scale and the CES-D Depression Scale (8-item version) were correlated -.59 in a sample of 39 young adults with HIV/AIDS in a Community-Based Organization.