• The interventions provided by these projects were most likely to focus on prevention activities, followed by case management, and then treatment.

• More than one-half of the interventions provided to females (56.8 percent) and about one-third of the interventions provided to males (36.2 percent) focused on prevention.

• Percentages of interventions focusing on treatment and case management were similar across gender.

Figure I-2. Percentage of interventions provided by various types of providers (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• For interventions provided to males, services were most frequently provided by case managers (40.0 percent) and peer counselors (32.3 percent). For interventions provided to females, services were most frequently provided by case managers (35.8 percent), nurses (21.5 percent), and peer counselors (19.5 percent).

• Interventions provided to females were more likely to have been made by physicians, nurses, and social workers than those provided to males. Interventions provided to males were more likely to be offered by case managers, counselors, and peer counselors.

Figure I-3. Percentage of interventions providing HIV services (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• A greater percentage of the HIV-related interventions were provided to females than to males.

• Two in five interventions provided to females (17.8 percent) were characterized as HIV risk assessments (compared to less than one in 10 interventions provided to males; 8.4 percent). One in four interventions provided to females (24.3 percent) were designated as focusing on HIV prevention (compared to about one in 10 interventions provided to males; 14.6 percent).

Figure I-4. Percentage of interventions providing medical services (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• Medical service interventions provided to females were more frequently offered than medical interventions provided to males.

• About one in 10 interventions provided to females were medical appointments (11.6 percent), physical exams (7.2 percent), walk-in appointments (7.6 percent), and family planning (7.0 percent).

Figure I-5. Percentage of interventions providing psychosocial services (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• The most frequently provided psychosocial interventions involved individual counseling and therapy and group counseling and therapy. Relatively few interventions were focused on family counseling and therapy, crisis intervention, and alternate therapy.

• About two in five interventions provided to males (21.3 percent) and females (20.4 percent) offered individual counseling and therapy.

• About one in eight interventions provided to females (15.8 percent) and one in sixteen males (6.8 percent) offered group counseling and therapy.

Figure I-6. Percentage of interventions providing ancillary support services (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• Approximately one out of three interventions provided information and referrals to youth.

• Interventions provided to males and to females were equally likely to involve practical support (18.4 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively) and 12-step groups (near zero percent for both).

• A higher percentage of interventions provided to males compared to those provided to females involved peer support groups, HIV support groups, and recreation. A higher percentage of interventions provided to females than to males involved information and referrals.

Figure I-7a. Percentage of interventions at which topics were discussed, Part 1 (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• Interventions provided to females were much more likely than interventions provided to males to involve discussions of topics related to HIV risk factors (39.4 percent versus 18.8 percent), safer sex practices (40.6 percent versus 22.3 percent), HIV testing (34.8 percent versus 15.0 percent), and family planning (15.2 percent versus 2.6 percent).

• Similar percentages of interventions provided to males and to females concerned topics such as HIV services, medical services, public assistance, alternate therapies, substance abuse, and emotional problems.

Figure I-7b. Percentage of interventions at which topics were discussed, Part 2 (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• Interventions provided to males were more likely than interventions provided to females to involve discussion of hassles and living with HIV. On the other hand, interventions provided to females were more likely than interventions provided to males to involve discussion of self-identity, dating and sex, and risk reduction barriers.

• Interventions provided to males and to females were equally likely to involve topics such as assertiveness, housing/jobs, enrollment, youth empowerment, and health status.

Figure I-8. Percentage of interventions at which items were provided (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• In all cases except for bleach (where percentages are identical across gender), educational and risk reduction items were provided at a higher percentage of interventions to females than to males.

• The most frequently distributed items at interventions for females were brochures (23.9 percent), other educational materials (27.3 percent), referral lists/directories (19.2 percent), and condoms (21.5 percent).

• Interventions provided to females were much more likely than interventions provided to males to have distributed items such as brochures, other educational materials, referral list/directories, medications, condoms, dental dams, bus tokens/transportation, and food and vouchers.

Figure I-9. Percentage of referrals made at interventions (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• In all cases, interventions provided to females were more likely than interventions provided to males to involve service referral.

• Referrals made to females were more likely than referrals made to males to include HIV testing (23.6 percent versus 8.0 percent), STD clinics (13.7 percent versus 2.5 percent), educational/vocational training (14.2 percent versus 5.4 percent), and family planning (8.9 percent versus 1.7 percent).

• Similar referral patterns across interventions provided to males and females were obtained for medical services, social services, food/drop-in centers, shelter and housing, self-help groups, case management, mental health, and substance abuse.

For clients receiving at least one of these referrals, females compared to males received more referrals for HIV testing (mean=2.51 versus 1.81) and STD clinics (mean=2.89 versus 1.41).

Figure I-10. Percentage of interventions provided in various locations (N=8,041 interventions with males, N=5,438 interventions with females).

• About one in three interventions provided to males (30.0 percent) took place at community-based organizations (compared to one in seven interventions provided to females; 13.9 percent). About one in three interventions provided to females (30.6 percent) took place at clinics (compared to about one in six interventions provided to males; 17.1 percent).

• Interventions provided to males and females were equally likely to have taken place on the street, at the hospital, on the telephone, at home, on the job, and at a restaurant.